摘要：認證管理新建數據庫需要的插件用來發送認證信息用于管理用于密碼加鹽表單對象創建渲染建立認證藍圖建立用戶模型權限分配權限等級設置直接新建一個對象來表示權限設置三種用戶角色角色權限描述只讀基礎權限只有一個修改評論權限多一個管理員權限建

create database `flasky` default character set utf8 collate utf8_general_ci;

flask-mail: 用來發送認證信息
flask-login: 用于管理session
werzeug+itsdangerous：用于密碼hash加鹽
flask-wtf：表單對象創建
flask-bootstrap： bootstrap 渲染

# auth/__init__.py
# coding: utf-8 
from flask import Blueprint
auth_bp = Blueprint("/",__name__)
from . import views,routes,models

# app/__init__.py
def create_app(config_name):
    ...
    from app.auth import auth_bp
    app.register_blueprint(auth_bp)

# auth/models.py
# coding: utf-8 
from werkzeug.security import generate_password_hash,check_password_hash
from app import db

class User(db.Model):
    __tablename__ = "users"
    id = db.Column(db.Integer,primary_key=True)
    username = db.Column(db.String(12))
    email = db.Column(db.String(50))
    password_hash = db.Column(db.String(128))
    role_id = db.Column(db.Integer,db.ForeignKey("roles.id"))
    
    @property
    def password(self):
        raise AttributeError("password is not readable attribute")
    
    @password.setter
    def password(self,password):
        self.password_hash = generate_password_hash(password)
    
    def verify_password(self,password):
        return check_password_hash(self.password_hash,password)

直接新建一個 Permission 對象來表示權限

# auth/models.py
class Permission:
    FOLLOW = 1
    COMMENT = 2
    WRITE = 4
    MODERATE = 8
    ADMIN = 16

設置三種用戶角色

# auth/models.py
# coding: utf-8 
from werkzeug.security import generate_password_hash,check_password_hash
from app import db

class Role(db.Model):
    __tablename__ == "roles"
    id = db.Column(db.Integer,primary_key=True)
    name = db.Column(db.String(10))
    default = db.Column(db.Boolean,default=False,index=True) # 只設置給一個用戶，其他用戶都是False，因為app 會去搜索這個值，因此設置為 index 方便查找
    permissions = db.Column(db.Integer)
    users = db.relationship("User",backref="role",lazy="dynamic")

    def __init__(self,**kw):
        super(Role,self).__init__(**kw)
        if self.permissions is None:
            self.permissions = 0

    # 判斷是否含有權限  
    def has_permission(self,perm):
        return self.permissions & perm == perm

    # 添加權限
    def add_permission(self,perm):
        if not self.has_permission(perm):
            self.permissions += perm
    # 移除權限
    def remove_permission(self,perm):
        if self.has_permission(perm):
            self.permissions -= perm

    # 重置權限
    def reset_permission(self):
        self.permissions = 0    
    
   
    # 插入角色
    @staticmethod
    def insert_roles():
        roles = {
            "User":[
                Permission.FOLLOW,
                Permission.COMMENT,
                Permission.WRITE,
            ],
            "Moderator":[
                Permission.MODERATE
            ],
            "ADMIN":[
                Permission.FOLLOW,
                Permission.COMMENT,
                Permission.WRITE,
                Permission.MODERATE,  
                Permission.ADMIN,          
            ]
        }
        # 默認角色是用戶
        default_role = "User"
        for r in roles:
            # 搜索三種角色，在數據庫表的存在
            role = Role.query.filter_by(name=r).first()
            # 如果不存在這種角色，馬上添加進去，方便以后拓展
            if role is None:
                role = Role(name=r)
            
            # 重置權限
            role.reset_permission()
            for perm in roles[r]:
                # 權限重新一個個加進去
                role.add_permission(perm)
            
            # 將默認用戶寫進數據庫
            role.default = (role.name == default_role)
            db.session.add(role)
        
        db.session.commit()

然后是分配角色給用戶

# app/auth/models.py
class User(db.Model):
    def __init__(self,**kw):
    
        super(User,self).__init__(**kw)
        # 分配管理員角色
        if self.role is None and self.email == current_app.config["FLASKY_ADMIN"]:
            self.role = Role.query.filter_by(name="ADMIN").first()

        # 如果一個用戶的角色不存在
        if self.role is None:
            # 分配一個默認角色
            self.role = Role.query.filter_by(default=True).first()
    
    # 判斷用戶角色
    def can(self,perm):
        return self.role is not None and self.role.has_permission(perm) 
    
    def is_administrator(self):
        return self.can(Permission.ADMIN)

接著要將這個插入角色的操作寫進deploy命令，后面使用 flask deploy 即可部署

# run.py
@app.cli.command()
def deploy():
    Role.insert_roles()

pipenv install flask-migrate

運行創建數據庫表

flask db init 
flask db migrate -m "add users and roles table"
flask db upgrade 

先配置flask 命令

# run.py
@app.cli.command()
def test():
    import unittest
    tests = unittest.TestLoader().discover("tests")
    unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(tests)

新建 tests 文件夾 在根文件夾下

mkdir tests

新建單元測試文件

# tests/test_user_models.py
# 用戶模型測試腳本
import unittest
from app.auth.models import User

class UserModelTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_password_enter(self):
        u = User(password="cat")
        self.assertTrue(u.password_hash is not None)
    
    def test_no_password_getter(self):
        u = User(password="cat")
        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            u.password
    
    def test_password_verification(self):
        u = User(password="cat")
        self.assertTrue(u.verify_password("cat"))
    
    def test_password_salts_are_random(self):
        u = User(password="cat")
        u1 = User(password = "cat")
        self.assertFalse(u1.password_hash == u.password_hash)

# 角色模型測試腳本
# tests/test_user_role.py
import unittest
from app.auth.models import Role,Permission,User

class TestUserRole(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_default_user(self):
        u = User(username="john",password="cat")
        self.assertTrue(u.can(Permission.COMMENT))
        self.assertTrue(u.can(Permission.WRITE))
        self.assertTrue(u.can(Permission.FOLLOW))
    
    def test_moderator_user(self):
        u = User(username="john_moder",password="123")
        u.role = Role.query.filter_by(name="Moderator").first()
        self.assertTrue(u.can(Permission.MODERATE))
        self.assertFalse(u.can(Permission.FOLLOW))
        self.assertFalse(u.can(Permission.COMMENT))
        self.assertFalse(u.can(Permission.WRITE))
    
    def test_admin_user(self):
        u = User(username="john_admin",password="123")
        u.role = Role.query.filter_by(name="ADMIN").first()
        self.assertTrue(u.can(Permission.MODERATE))
        self.assertTrue(u.can(Permission.FOLLOW))
        self.assertTrue(u.can(Permission.COMMENT))
        self.assertTrue(u.can(Permission.WRITE))
        self.assertTrue(u.can(Permission.ADMIN))

flask deploy
flask test 

代碼：https://github.com/TheFifthMa...

推薦閱讀： 《OReilly.Flask.Web.Development.2nd.Edition》